All News & Events
SCWIST AGM - July 5, 2011
All members in good standing are cordially invited to attend the next SCWIST AGM on Tuesday July 5th at 5:45 pm
Location: Paetzold Health Education Centre – Multipurpose Room
VGH, Pattison Pavilion (level 1 – behind the info desk) – 899 West 12th
The guest speaker will be Dr. Jennifer Gardy presenting A C T G – ID: Using DNA Sequencing to Understand Outbreaks of Infectious Disease
This event is free of charge to all members in good standing however please note* advance registration is required*. Please confirm your attendance *no later than
Monday June 27th* via .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address) in order to participate. Unfortunately registration after June 27th cannot be accommodated.
New members welcome! Join now here.
We hope to see you there!!
Speaker bio:
Following a three-year post-doctoral fellowship in the Genome BC-supported laboratory of Dr. Bob Hancock at UBC, where she was part of an international team examining innate immunity, Dr. Gardy joined the BC Centre for Disease Control in 2009. Along with colleague Dr. Patrick Tang, she launched its Genome Research Laboratory, bringing a new genomics and bioinformatics perspective to the centre’s public health and infectious disease work.
“Genomics and bioinformatics are giving us new and very powerful tools to reconstruct outbreaks of certain infectious diseases,” notes Gardy, who grew up in Port Moody and has a PhD in bioinformatics from SFU. “The idea is to uncover patterns and use that knowledge to prevent future outbreaks.”
Networking Event & Knowledge Is Power Presentation - June 1, 2011
SCWIST invites you to kick off the summer with a free informative event: Knowledge is Power, presented by Ovarian Cancer Canada. Each year, approximately 2600 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer in Canada, and 1750 will not survive. Arm yourself with knowledge: learn about on the signs and symptoms of the disease and how you can reduce your risk.
June 1, 2011
6:00 – 9:00 PM
Elephant & Castle Pub and Restaurant (385 Burrard St at Hastings—Downtown Vancouver)
This event is FREE but registration is required. Please register here.
IWIS Networking Event - May 10, 2011
You are invited to IWIS networking event. Four successful women in science and technology will share their experiences networking and job-hunting in Canada.
Our panelist will answer questions such as:
* What are some of the techniques you use to effectively network? * How would you interact with your colleagues as oppose to your friends? * What are some things not to do when networking?You can also bring your own questions.
Our panelists are:
1. Software developer at Wurldtech Security Technologies 2. Technical Program Lead at SAP 3. Co-op Coordinator at UBC Engineering Co-op 4. Events Director at SCWISTEntrance by donation. Refreshments will be served.
To register please click here.
SCWIST Newsletter - April 2011
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We’re talkin’ prehistoric trash
Early man caused ‘tree islands’ in Florida Everglades: study
By Randy Boswell, Vancouver Sun, March 23, 2011, p. B7
Canadian researchers have solved a long-standing mystery about the existence of “tree islands” in the Florida Everglades -rare heights of dry, semi-forested land that serve as nesting sites for alligators, refuges for endangered panthers and crucial hubs of biodiversity in the world-famous swamp.
A McGill University-led study of the islands reached an unexpected conclusion: these life-sustaining sources of nutrients for one of America’s iconic ecosystems originated thousands of years ago as the trash heaps of prehistoric people who lived around present-day Miami.
“This goes to show that human disturbance in the environment doesn’t always have a negative consequence,” McGill paleo-ecologist Gail Chmura said in a summary of the study, detailed Tuesday at a conference in New Mexico.
Chmura, a McGill geography professor and director of Quebec’s six-university Global Environmental and Climate Change Centre, said in an interview that the islands appear to have begun as aboriginal middens -dumping grounds for bones, shells, charcoal, food waste and other discarded material that gradually built up over generations into permanent mounds of earth.
“During the rainy season, the marshy area of the Everglades becomes flooded and this is the only high ground,” Chmura said. “The highly endangered Florida panther may have dens there; birds roost in the trees. It provides a shady, dry area in what is otherwise an exposed, saturated wetland.”
About a decade ago, Florida wildlife officials identified the tree islands as an important “natural” resource for the vast wetland that covers much of the southern part of the state.
Scientists had previously theorized that the islands were formed on top of “perched” layers of a naturally occurring mineral called carbonate that underlies the Everglades.
But excavations by the McGill researchers and others showed the prehistoric garbage dumps appeared to kick-start the process of carbonate accumulation that was deepened and hardened as tree roots repeatedly drew up groundwater and dissolved minerals.
The Everglades are among a small handful of major marshlands in the world identified by UN conservation agencies as having global ecological significance.
Chmura said archaic human cultures are known to have occupied the Florida peninsula as early as 12,000 years ago. But the specific paleo-Indian population thought to have created the “landfill” sites that evolved into the Everglades’ tree islands began occupying the region about 5,000 years ago, she said.
“The early middens have remains of aquatic animals even then, so people were exploiting the sinkhole lakes” of the area, said Chmura. “Unfortunately, most of those early people disappeared, assumed to have been wiped out by disease carried by the Spanish who explored the region.”
She noted in an email that the Seminole tribes that populated Florida in recent centuries also occupied the tree islands, “and they are still valued today by Seminoles and newer Floridians who have built camps [cottages] on some.”
But the chief ecological value of the islands, the researchers say, is their role in nutrient cycling and in providing “distinctive havens of exceptional ecological richness” amid growing threats from human development.
Testing Device Brings Lab to the Field
By Jean Sorensen – Vancouver Sun – March 14, 2011, p. A10
Infant mortality indeveloping countries in the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia is a major concern as doctors are often left guessing which antibiotics toadminister asthousands of newlyborn infants succumb to bacteria-causing diarrhea. But, a team from Simon Fraser University’s (SFU) School of Engineering Science is close to a technology breakthrough that will change that.
“Normally, samples [from an infant] would have to be sent to a lab for tests, and in rural areas this can take two or three days,” says Dr. Ash Parameswaran, P.Eng. For the newly born and infants that are only a few months old, this delay can mean their small bodies are robbed of fluids, leading to death.
Parameswaran and his team of plastic microfluidics researchers (including graduate researchers Carlyn Loncaric, Sumanpreet Chhina and Mona Rahbar) have developed a low-cost test device, a “lab-on-a-chip” (LOC), which can deliver results in just hours and can be used in the field. This chip’s “platform,” now in the advanced prototype stage, is a small case made of common, hardware-store Plexiglas. Tiny channels are fabricated in the case using ultraviolet radiation, where bacteria extracted from fecal matter (a simple procedure that can be done in the field by most health care technicians) is introduced into a food culture laced with an antibiotic. The food mixture carries a color tracer orflorescent dye. If the bacteria digest the food and survive, waste byproduct will be created and an ultraviolet LED light will show it as fluorescing green. If the light test shows no color traces, then the bacteria has consumed a fatal meal and physicians know the antibiotic administered is the correct one.
This method of testing is known as an antibiogram. Parameswaran and his team knew the test existed and knew how it worked in a laboratory; the question for the team became one of how to take a lab procedure and bring it into the field where it could be performed under the most basic and rudimentary conditions. Cost was a major consideration as the test device had to be placed within the financial grasp of countries that face severe poverty brought on by civil strife, drought, or lack of resources.
Parameswaran’s team quickly realized that a low-cost, easy-to-use test device would have other field applications. It could be used in areas sustaining major disasters such as an earthquake where established facilities are disrupted or destroyed. It might also be applied to areas affected by civil war where medical laboratories have become difficult to access.
Initially, the idea took root more than three years ago when Parameswaran, visiting India, gave a number of lectures to Indian organizations highlighting SFU’s strides in microfabrication research into microfluidics technology. Out of discussions that followed the talks came the suggestion that a portable, low-cost test was badly needed to prevent infant deaths in rural areas.
Funding was obtained from the Shastri Indo- Canadian Institute, and Parameswaran, working with SFU graduate students Mona Rahbar and Suman Chhina, developed the first prototype. The material for the lab-on-a-chip had to be a common source item that could be accessed in any country at a reasonable cost. Plexiglas, called PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate) fit that need and it was also a material that plastic manufacturing plants around the world recognized, could easily obtain and knew how to work with.
Once the first prototype was ready, it was shipped to India where laboratory technicians were able to introduce the disease-causing strains of bacteria to the lab-on-a-chip and the food cultures in 2009. A refined prototype followed with more testing in the Indian laboratory, and while the second generation worked more smoothly, there was an emerging glitch. The top and bottom components of the micro-fluid shell were glued together and fused with heat. The laboratory found that the adhesive, in cases, interfered with the test results.
“The adhesive was not intended to be used in a biological product,” observes Parameswaran, adding that when the adhesive companies were called and told of the specialized need, a company in the Eastern U.S. did some research that lead to an adaptable solution. “They shipped us some adhesive free of cost,” he said.
This second prototype is now being refined at SFU and it is expected to be shipped to India where it will go into field trials.
The ability to produce a quick test on a portable template doesn’t stop with attempting to find a solution to high rates of infant mortality in developing nations. Parameswaran and his researchers see it as just the beginning, and are exploring other areas where this technology might be used. He notes that a major medical concern today is attempting to find a way to detect cancer.
“It is an area where we need to do more study,” he admits, but this kind of simple, disposable test is something that is becoming more common place in the medical field today. It is taking testing out of the structured laboratory and placing it in less rigorous conditions.
Oilsands’ water taint confirmed
Vancouver Sun – March 11, 2011, p. B2
A governmentsponsored scientific committee studying water monitoring in Canada’s oilsands has backed assertions that multibilliondollar energy developments are polluting waterways and it urges more stringent oversight.
The report by the independent scientists, appointed by Alberta Premier Ed Stelmach, said an incendiary study by water ecologists last year appeared to be right in its contention that toxic substances downstream from the developments do not occur naturally.
An industry-funded body had long said heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic compounds, or PACs, found in the Athabasca River watershed north of Fort McMurray, in northern Alberta, occurred naturally as bitumen leached into the river.
“Taking into consideration all data and critiques, we generally agree … that PACs and trace metals are being introduced into the environment by oilsands operations,” the panel said in its evaluation of four reports.
The Alberta oilsands are the largest source of oil outside the Middle East and are the target of billions of dollars worth of development plans. However, the environmental impact, including greenhouse gas emissions, forest destruction and water pollution, are under criticism by green groups.
Stelmach asked the six-member panel to examine the studies in September after University of Alberta scientists Erin Kelly and David Schindler released their report that concluded oilsands plants are sending toxins including mercury, arsenic and lead into the watershed. Schindler also sharply criticized work by the government-supported and industry-funded Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program, which had held to the naturally occurring line.
The studies prodded both the provincial and federal government to appoint scientists to study the effectiveness of current monitoring programs and make improvements.
“We agree with Kelly et al that it is improbable that the snowpack-deposited contaminants could have resulted from wind erosion of bitumen outcrops or bitumen-containing soils in undisturbed landscapes -especially under snow-cover,” the Stelmach-appointed committee reported.
Alberta Environment Minister Rob Renner said the report will be used by the province’s own panel as it works to design a better monitoring system.
Humans, primates share aging patterns, study reveals
We age slower than other mammals
By Clara Ho – Vancouver Sun – March 11, 2011, p. B2
Humans and wild primates not only share many physical features, they also experience similar aging patterns, according to a new study by the University of Calgary.
The study Aging in the Natural World, which appears in the March 11 issue of Science, reveals that humans and their hairier cousins see their risk of dying increase with age at similar rates.
“We examined patterns of mortality and mortality risk from infancy to adulthood,” said Dr. Linda Fedigan, co-author of the study and a professor of anthropology at the University of Calgary, in a release.
“We found that all primates followed a pattern similar to that of humans where there are high mortality risks in infancy, which level off for juveniles and into early adulthood, and then increase once individuals reach full adulthood.”
Early research compared human lifespans to those of shorter-lived species such as rats and mice and concluded that humans age more slowly than other mammals.
But this is the first study to compare aging in humans to aging in several species of wild primates, measuring the aging rates of 3,000 individual wild primates from seven different species. The findings determined that wild primates, like humans, also “aged gracefully” and more slowly than other animals.
The study also showed that male humans and male primates die sooner than their female counterparts, attributing the higher risk of early death to the stress and aggression of male competition.
There are still many unanswered questions as to the maximum human life span, especially with access to modern medicine and health care, Fedigan said.
“The questions we can ask get better the longer we can study the lifespans of primates,” she said. “All we can go by is the longest reliable record we have right now.”
SCWIST Member Dr. Maria Issa profiled in Metro News
Carving her niche in science
KRISTEN THOMPSON
METRO VANCOUVER
Published: March 08, 2011 2:43 a.m.
When Dr. Maria Issa first began her studies at the University of B.C. in the late 1960s, she was one of only a handful of other women studying science.
“When I started, women weren’t as well represented in science education and still had to be convinced that hey needed to take math and science,” said Issa.
Today she is a clinical associate professor in the department of pathology and laboratory medicine at UBC and, by carving a niche in an industry once dominated by men, helped pave the way for the next generation of female scientists.
“Now as far as 53 per cent of undergrad science classes are made up of women. There are amazing young women … graduating with degrees in science and they don’t realize this was not (common) when I was in school,” said Issa.
But breaking into a science career wasn’t easy, and a lot of women — herself included — have had to put their work on hold to have babies.
“It really slows down a woman’s career path,” Issa said. “The commitment and the flexibility is not there for women in science and … they need support. Economically it makes way more sense to use brains you’ve trained, (but) we perceive women as moms and we forget that they have an economic power.”
A big help to all working moms, Issa said, would be access to universal and affordable childcare so women could enjoy motherhood and the challenge of their work.
“Women work because it’s fulfilling and satisfying. Without that we feel like we’re not contributing.”
“Science is everywhere and when you start looking at it that way, the wonder and joy of it, it’s brilliant. I don’t know how I would have lived without science.” – Maria Issa
XX Evening featured in Metro News
The XX factor for budding scientists
KRISTEN THOMPSON
METRO VANCOUVER
Published: March 08, 2011 2:41 a.m.
Some of the brightest minds in the world of science, engineering and technology are descending on Science World tonight for a girls-only party set to inspire the next generation of female scientists.
XX Evening, in its 11th year, lets young women networking with career women in science get advice and mentorship.
“The crux of it is knowing what’s out there,” said Anna Stukas, president of the Society for Canadian Women in Science and Technology (SCWIST), which is co-hosting the event.
Women account for about 50 per cent of university enrollments, but those numbers don’t translate into the workforce, especially in leadership positions, Stukas said.
Some of that can be traced back to middle school, where a gender gap emerges in regard to students’ interest in science and math.
That’s part of the reason SCWIST started ms infinity, a mentor program for young girls to get them interested in science and technology at an early age.
“I was raised in an environment where science was cool and building things was fun. It was always a part of my life growing up. That translated into the careers that my sister and I have chosen – I’m a mechanical engineer and my sister is doing her PhD in neuropathology.”
But she noticed the further she went in school, the more her girl friends started losing interest in science because there was the perception it was boring.
“If you don’t want to take a car apart, what are you doing going into mechanical engineering? But it’s more than just that. It has to do with showing the opportunities that are out there and … (making science) interesting to girls,” Stukas said.
“If you don’t start (fostering) that at a young age, then you get to the stage where even if you’ve discovered you’re interested, you’ve missed out on learning the fundamentals.”
Arctic birds bear brunt of throwaway society
Researchers find that the stomachs of the small, vulnerable creatures are full of plastics
By Margaret Munro – Vancouver Sun – March 7, 2011, p. B1
When biologist Jennifer Provencher headed to the Arctic, she signed on to help assess how seabird diets are changing as temperatures climb in the North.
She never expected to find plastics on the menu. But she and her colleagues at the Canadian Wildlife Service are pulling remarkable amounts of trash from birds in some of the remotest spots on Earth.
Fulmars are strong flyers that skim the surface swallowing tasty tidbits, and 84 per cent of the ones the researchers examined from two Arctic colonies had plastics in their guts.
One had swallowed the mangled remains of a red bottle lid, with a striking resemblance to a Coke cap, along with 20 other bits of plastic.
“It’s hard to believe a bird could have that much plastic,” said Provencher, who has been combing through the stomach contents for her graduate work at the University of Victoria. “That’s the equivalent of a human being having a baseball-sized chunk of plastic in your stomach.”
Even more “shocking,” she said, is that 11 per cent of thickbilled murres from five Arctic breeding colonies had plastics in their guts when examined -the first evidence of trash in an “auk” species in Canada’s Arctic.
“We are so concerned about the melting ice,” said Provencher. “Yet one of the consequences of melting ice is more shipping and more tourism and that is directly impacting the wildlife through plastics ingestion.
“It’s not just birds. ... They are just the indicator of a problem that is also affecting fish, bears and other species.”
SEALIFE THREATENED
Vast amounts of plastic have been collecting in the world’s oceans for the last 50 years. Bottles, bags and other plastic trash are carried off on currents and can keep travelling for years, breaking down into smaller and smaller pieces.
There are the obvious threats to sea life of entanglement and blockages -albatrosses have been known to swallow toothbrushes and plastic toys. And scientists are increasingly concerned about subtle effects, including reduced appetite, stunted growth and exposure to pollutants that can leach out of plastics.
The United Nations Environment Program warned Feb. 17 that marine plastics, and the “micro-plastics” generated as plastic is broken down by wave action and sunlight, could be “a new toxic time bomb.”
None of this is good for seabirds, which in the case of Canada’s Arctic are already under pressure due to dramatic changes underway in their ecosystem.
The Canadian Wildlife Service team, led by Anthony Gaston at Environment Canada, has found Arctic cod, long a mainstay of the diet of Arctic seabirds and their chicks, is being replaced with less nourishing capelin and sandlace that are moving north as the ice retreats -along with an increasing amount of plastic.
The biologists are gauging the birds’ health at Arctic breeding colonies, where they climb over rocks and cliffs to weigh and tag adults and their chicks. At the end of the last four field seasons, Provencher headed back to B.C. with dozens of frozen stomachs.
“When I open up the gut, I find these plastic pieces packed up around the bottom of the stomach and around the sphincter that leads into the intestine,” Provencher said.
She has an intriguing collection of glass jars, with white, grey, brown, red and even fluorescent plastic bits she’s found inside the birds. There are industrial pellets and “nurdles” that fell into the ocean on the way to and from plastic factories, and an array of oddshaped fragments that are hard to identify.
No one knows how much plastic is in the oceans, but the UN Environment Program said there is “an urgent need” to better monitor its fate and impact on marine ecosystems.
Plastics use has climbed sharply, despite recycling efforts. UNEP estimates the average person in North America and western Europe now uses around 100 kilograms of plastic a year, a figure it predicts will increase to 140 kg by 2015. In Asia the average person uses around 20 kg of plastic a year, which is projected to grow to 36 by 2015.
Plastics do not just float around the ocean but are sinking and piling up on the seabed. “Plastic debris has been observed on the ocean floor from the depths of the Fram Strait in the North Atlantic to deepwater canyons off the Mediterranean coast,” UNEP reports.
Canada, unlike Europe, does not have a coordinated program to deal with marine debris, but the birds in the Arctic and those washing ashore on the west coast point to a growing problem.
‘FLYING DUSTBINS’
“My numbers are approaching those seen in the North Sea,” said biologist Stephanie Avery-Gomm, who looked at the stomachs of 36 fulmars that washed up on Vancouver Island after a storm and were picked up by volunteers with Bird Studies Canada.
One of the fulmars contained several dozen pieces of plastic, including industrial pellets, a chunk of sponge, fishing line and a bristle from a hairbrush. “Plastics do really last forever,” said Avery-Gomm, who is doing graduate work at the University of B.C. She is so concerned about plastic pollution, she opens up and examines seabird stomachs in her spare time.
Fulmars, a petrel found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, are surface feeders often enticed by floating plastics. They’ve been described as “flying dustbins,” though scientists prefer to call them “sentinels” that reflect the amount of trash in the marine environment.
Canada’s Arctic was still living up to its “pristine” reputation in the 1970s, when a study of 181 fulmars turned up no plastic, the CWS team reports. But seabirds now indicate plastics are embedded in the Arctic ecosystem.
Canadian Wildlife Service biologist Mark Mallory collected 144 fulmars in the Arctic between 2003 and 2006 and found more than 30 per cent carried plastic. More recently Mallory, Provencher and their colleagues collected another 25 fulmars at a High Arctic colony and another on eastern Baffin Island.
Provencher pulled plastic out of 21 of the 25 birds, or 84 per cent, which is approaching the incidence seen in the much more industrialized North Sea, where 95 to 100 per cent of the fulmars carry plastic.
Since Mallory had found plastic in Arctic fulmars before, Provencher said they weren’t all that surprised to find plastic in the birds again. “The surprising thing was the number of birds that had plastics in them,” she said.
“But what was shocking was to open up the murres and find plastics,” she said, noting that she found it in 11 per cent of the 186 thick-billed murres she slit open for the most recent study.
Penguin-like murres are not “trash-eaters,” Provencher said. They dive down to feed below the surface, which, judging by the birds’ stomachs, is now home to increasing amounts of plastic.
Most of the plastics were too weathered to identify, but one murre had swallowed a fluorescent yellow ball about the size of pea. It turned out to be a pellet for a toy air gun that somehow ended up in northern Hudson Bay, said Provencher, who found between one and nine pieces of plastic in the murres. Toe fulmars carried much more, with an average of 5.5 pieces per bird -one had 21 pieces.
EUROPE A LEADER
It is not known how long plastic stays inside seabirds, but Provencher suspects most of it eventually passes through and back into the ecosystem, where it can be picked up by other creatures.
The murres examined were taken from five colonies, with the most plastic found in birds from Akapotok Island, south of Baffin Island, and the lowest amount in birds from the colony on Prince Leopold Island in the High Arctic.
The biologists reported recently in the Marine Pollution Bulletin that finding plastic in the birds “suggest(s) that this is a widespread occurrence [among] thick-billed murres in Canada.”
“The murres sampled earlier in the year have way more plastic -so they are potentially bringing them from the North Atlantic where they winter,” Provencher said. “But we also find them in August with plastics so they are eating them locally [in the Arctic] as well.
“It’s a mixed bag, and we won’t know more till we do more research,” she said.
Like Avery-Gomm, Provencher would like Canada to follow Europe’s lead and tackle the problem head-on.
The Save the North Sea project, involving seven European countries, has set acceptable limits for plastic ingestion by birds, and has an aggressive program to reduce and monitor marine litter by checking fulmar stomachs.
“No one is doing it for Canadian waters, but every time we sample, we are surprised by the amount of plastics we find,” said Provencher, who has just returned from Europe.
“It’s time we also started monitoring plastic pollution in Arctic water, and building the infrastructure for proper garbage disposal and recycling.”
Testing of aging drivers ‘not realistic,’ scientist says
Doctor’s office setting is not the same as crowded, active streets
By Tom Spears – Vancouver Sun – March 4, 2011, p. B4
The testing commonly used to gauge older drivers’ ability to keep driving isn’t realistic, says a Canadian brain scientist, because a doctor’s office is nothing like a crowded street.
Sure, a senior can read letters on an eye chart, says Allison Sekuler of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont. But the doctor’s office is a setting that doesn’t require quick decisions, the ability to see through “clutter” or concentrate on traffic and still notice a pedestrian stepping off the curb.
“Most important, especially as we get older, is the fact that as you’re driving you’re doing more than one thing at the same time,” she said.
“You’re trying to see what the car in front of you is doing, trying not to exceed the speed limit, paying attention to where the stop signs are,” and watching buses, car doors opening, pedestrians, and so on, “all at the same time.”
“That is a little more difficult that reading an eye chart.”
Part of the problem is “everyone ages at a different rate,” she said. One of her test volunteers, at 95, performs like a man in his early 40s, she notes, while others go the other way.
Sekuler is a professor of psychology, neuroscience and behaviour at McMaster, and also associate vice-president and dean of graduate studies. She was speaking Thursday to a gathering of MPs and senators about her research on the aging brain.
One issue for older drivers is that although they may see clearly, it takes longer for the brain to process those signals. An elderly driver may take 250 milliseconds (a quarter of a second) to recognize a picture that a young adult can recognize in 150 milliseconds, she said. “If you’re slower, that has an impact in the real world that you wouldn’t see in the clinic.”
The good news, she said, is that “you can teach an old brain new tricks.”
The brain keeps making brain cells as the years pass, though their function isn’t always understood yet. And we can often recruit help from different areas of the brain when one area fades.
For instance, the visual centre of the brain can weaken, and the brain compensates by using areas normally used for memory and for paying attention. That, she suggests, may be one reason why aging reduces our ability to remember and focus attention.
She says her lab has shown older people can be taught, by simple practice, to multi-task as well as teens and young adults.
Wed Feb 01
